Under what condition can a liquid surge effect occur in an aerial apparatus?

A liquid surge effect can occur in an aerial apparatus when the tank is not completely full. This phenomenon arises because, with a less-than-full tank, the liquid inside has more space to move around. When the vehicle accelerates, decelerates, or changes direction, the liquid can shift rapidly, creating a surge that can affect the stability and handling of the apparatus. This movement can lead to a loss of control or an unexpected shift in the weight distribution of the apparatus, making it crucial for operators to be aware of the fuel or water levels in the tank during operations.

While high speeds, maneuvering around corners, and operating in freezing temperatures can influence overall vehicle performance and safety, they do not inherently lead to the liquid surge effect the way a partially filled tank does.